Title: RANDOM AND ARBITRARY CONTINGENCIES IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [4] – THE NON-CAUSAL FRAMEWORKS OF COPENHAGEN QUANTUM MECHANICS
Authors: Yeuncheol Jeong
Abstract:

Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics has become a groundbreaking fundamental approach toward the sub-atomic world, even though Einstein himself never fully acknowledge its frameworks. The interpretation assumes that all the quantum processes and phenomena are random and arbitrary. All we can do is the probabilistic understanding of random occurrences. This empiricist’ ideas of anti-realism, non-causality, and indeterminism have been a text standard presentation of quantum mechanics today. Physics textbooks today follow the interpretation, describing all the sub-atomic phenomena as random, arbitrary and non-causal, solely dependent on probabilistic pure chance.

Keywords: non-causal, anti-realism, indeterminism, Copenhagen interpretation, wave mechanics, matrix mechanics, Bohr’s hydrogen atom, matter wave, quantum jump, random probability
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52267/IJASER.2026.7314
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Date of Publication: 14-06-2026
Published Issue & Volume: Vol 7 Issue 3 May-June 2026